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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention01:05

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Body:Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
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Polysaccharides in Ocular Drug Delivery.

Natallia Dubashynskaya1, Daria Poshina1, Sergei Raik1,2

  • 1Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia.

Pharmaceutics
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PubMed
Summary

Polysaccharides are versatile biomaterials for enhancing ocular drug delivery. Their tunable properties improve drug bioavailability and therapeutic effects for eye conditions, offering safer and more effective ophthalmic treatments.

Keywords:
eye tissue regenerationintravitreal administrationocular bioavailabilityocular drug deliveryperiocular administrationpolysaccharidetopical administration

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Ophthalmology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Ocular drug delivery faces challenges like rapid clearance and poor bioavailability.
  • Polysaccharides offer unique properties for overcoming these delivery hurdles.
  • Various polysaccharides (cellulose, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, chitosan) and their derivatives are explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review polysaccharide options for ophthalmic drug delivery.
  • To explore the relationship between polysaccharide properties and drug carrier efficiency.
  • To highlight polysaccharides for improved ocular drug formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of polysaccharide-based ocular drug delivery systems.
  • Analysis of physicochemical properties of different polysaccharides.
  • Evaluation of formulation strategies and their impact on drug efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Polysaccharide properties can be modified to optimize drug formulations.
  • Biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide carriers enhance drug bioavailability.
  • Tailored pharmacological effects are achievable with polysaccharide-based systems.

Conclusions:

  • Polysaccharides are promising for advanced ophthalmic drug delivery.
  • Understanding polysaccharide-drug carrier interactions is key to efficacy.
  • Continued research into polysaccharides will drive innovation in eye care therapeutics.