Bioengineering advancements, innovations and challenges on green synthesis of 2, 5-furan dicarboxylic acid

The major drawback of chemical transformations for the production of 2, 5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) implies the usage of hazardous chemicals, high temperature and high pressure from nonrenewable resources. Alternate to chemical methods, biological methods are promising. Microbial FDCA production is improved through engineering approaches of media conditions, homologous and heterologous expression of genes, genetic and metabolic engineering, etc. The highest FDCA production of 41.29 g/L is observed by an engineered Raultella ornitholytica BF 60 from 35 g/L HMF in sodium phosphate buffer with a 95.14% yield in 72 h. Also, an enzyme cascade system of recombinant and wild enzymes like periplasmic aldehyde oxidase ABC, galactose oxidase M3-5, HRP and catalase have transformed 6.3 g/L HMF to 7.81 g/L FDCA in phosphate buffer with 100% yield in 6 h. Still, these processes are emerging for fulfilling the industrial needs due to the challenges in 'green FDCA production'.