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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts

Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts

Published on: October 20, 2023

Posterior Cruciate Ligament.

Jorge Chahla¹, Brady T Williams¹, Robert F LaPrade²

¹Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.

Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association

|December 28, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction restores knee function better than single-bundle. This technique improves PCL biomechanics and patient outcomes, offering a superior surgical option.

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Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Published on: April 30, 2014

Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Biomechanics
Sports medicine

Background:

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) has distinct anterolateral (ALB) and posteromedial (PMB) bundles with synergistic roles.
Native PCL function involves load-sharing, restricting posterior translation and internal rotation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the biomechanical and clinical advantages of double-bundle PCL reconstruction (DB PCLR) over single-bundle (SB PCLR).
To explore factors influencing PCL graft performance and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

Biomechanical analysis comparing SB PCLR and DB PCLR.
Systematic review of randomized trials assessing postoperative outcomes.
Analysis of factors like tibial slope and native PCL injury incidence.

Main Results:

DB PCLR demonstrated superior restoration of native knee kinematics and resistance to posterior translation and internal rotation compared to SB PCLR.
Clinical outcomes for DB PCLR were comparable to anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
No significant differences in outcomes between isolated and multiligament PCL injuries treated with DB PCLR.

Conclusions:

DB PCLR offers improved biomechanical restoration and clinical outcomes compared to SB PCLR.
Understanding factors like tibial slope is crucial for optimizing PCL reconstruction techniques and patient results.