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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Entangling three qubits without ever touching.

Pawel Blasiak1,2, Marcin Markiewicz3

  • 1Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342, Kraków, Poland. pawel.blasiak@ifj.edu.pl.

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|December 29, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates how to generate tripartite entangled states, like the GHZ and W states, from independent particles using their inherent correlations. Indistinguishability of particles is key to this novel entanglement extraction method.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Optics
  • Many-Body Physics

Background:

  • Identical particles exhibit inherent correlations from creation.
  • Entanglement is a crucial quantum resource for computation and communication.
  • Existing methods for entanglement generation often require particle interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop operational schemes for generating all tripartite entangled states.
  • To extract entanglement from independent particles without direct interactions.
  • To utilize particle indistinguishability as a resource for entanglement generation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing inherent correlations of identical particles.
  • Designing linear optical setups for three-particle systems.
  • Ensuring particles do not interact throughout the evolution.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated protocols for generating GHZ and W states.
  • Showcased entanglement extraction from independent particles.
  • Established the role of indistinguishability in practical entanglement generation.

Conclusions:

  • Particle indistinguishability is a viable resource for generating multipartite entanglement.
  • Proposed schemes are applicable to bosons, fermions, and anyons.
  • This work offers practical pathways for creating entangled states in optical setups.