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Evaluating MERS-CoV Entry Pathways
Enya Qing1, Michael P Hantak1, Gautami G Galpalli1
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
Abstract:
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range. The extent of MERS-CoV in nature can be traced to its adaptable cell entry steps. The virus can bind host-cell carbohydrates as well as proteinaceous receptors. Following receptor interaction, the virus can utilize diverse host proteases for cleavage activation of virus-host cell membrane fusion and subsequent genome delivery. The fusion and genome delivery steps can be completed at variable times and places, either at or near cell surfaces or deep within endosomes. Investigators focusing on the CoVs have developed several methodologies that effectively distinguish these different cell entry pathways. Here we describe these methods, highlighting virus-cell entry factors, entry inhibitors, and viral determinants that specify the cell entry routes. While the specific methods described herein were utilized to reveal MERS-CoV entry pathways, they are equally suited for other CoVs, as well as other protease-dependent viral species.
Insights
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry mechanisms are adaptable, utilizing diverse host factors for cell penetration. Understanding these pathways aids in developing effective antiviral strategies against MERS-CoV and other coronaviruses.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Cell Biology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a significant zoonotic pathogen.
- MERS-CoV exhibits a broad host range due to adaptable cell entry mechanisms.
Purpose of the Study:
- To detail methodologies for distinguishing MERS-CoV cell entry pathways.
- To highlight key factors, inhibitors, and viral determinants influencing MERS-CoV cell entry routes.
Main Methods:
- Utilized established methodologies to investigate MERS-CoV cell entry.
- Focused on analyzing virus-host cell interactions, including receptor binding and protease activation.
Main Results:
- MERS-CoV employs adaptable cell entry, binding to host carbohydrates and protein receptors.
- Diverse host proteases facilitate MERS-CoV membrane fusion and genome delivery.
- Entry can occur at the cell surface or within endosomes.
Conclusions:
- The described methods effectively differentiate MERS-CoV cell entry pathways.
- These methodologies are applicable to other coronaviruses (CoVs) and protease-dependent viruses.
