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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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tRNA introns: Presence, processing, and purpose.

Casey A Schmidt1, A Gregory Matera1,2,3

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Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|December 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Introns, though seemingly wasteful, are vital for gene expression. Transfer RNA (tRNA) introns form circular RNAs (tricRNAs) in animals, representing a new class of noncoding RNA crucial for tRNA function.

Keywords:
Clp1RtcBTSENintrontRNA splicingtricRNA

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Area of Science:

  • RNA biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Gene expression

Background:

  • Introns are non-coding sequences within RNA transcripts.
  • Their removal is a critical step in gene expression.
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) introns are found across all domains of life and are essential for tRNA function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on tRNA splicing.
  • To highlight the formation and significance of tRNA intronic circular RNAs (tricRNAs).
  • To discuss new findings in the field of tRNA splicing.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established and emerging research on tRNA splicing.
  • Analysis of the role of introns in RNA processing.
  • Characterization of tricRNA formation and properties in metazoan cells.

Main Results:

  • Introns play a crucial, albeit counterintuitive, role in gene expression.
  • tRNA introns are conserved and essential for tRNA function.
  • Metazoan tRNA splicing generates stable, novel noncoding RNAs called tricRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA splicing is a fundamental biological process with conserved and novel aspects.
  • tricRNAs represent a newly identified class of noncoding RNA with potential functional significance.
  • Further research into tRNA splicing and tricRNAs is warranted to understand their full biological roles.