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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Sample Preparation to Bioinformatics Analysis of DNA Methylation: Association Strategy for Obesity and Related Trait Studies
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Environmental temperature and human epigenetic modifications: A systematic review.

Rongbin Xu1, Shuai Li2, Shuaijun Guo3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|December 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Environmental temperature impacts human epigenome, particularly DNA methylation in elderly and infants. Short-term cold exposure affects gene methylation, potentially influencing blood pressure and cardiovascular health.

Keywords:
Climate changeEpidemiologyEpigeneticsSystematic reviewTemperature

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Epigenetics
  • Climate Change Adaptation
  • Human Health Impacts

Background:

  • Understanding environmental temperature's influence on the human epigenome is crucial for public health and climate change adaptation strategies.
  • Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are key mechanisms linking environmental exposures to health outcomes.
  • Existing research on temperature-epigenome interactions is limited, necessitating a comprehensive review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review epidemiological studies on the association between environmental temperature and human epigenetic modifications.
  • To identify candidate genes and biological pathways affected by temperature-related epigenetic changes.
  • To assess the current state of knowledge and highlight research gaps in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search for epidemiological studies published between 2009 and 2019.
  • Inclusion of cohort and cross-sectional studies examining DNA methylation in response to environmental temperature.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on elderly (blood) and infant (placenta) populations, with sample sizes ranging from 306 to 1798.

Main Results:

  • Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, primarily investigating short-term (≤28 days) cold temperature effects (0.8-13°C) on DNA methylation.
  • Global DNA methylation and specific candidate genes (e.g., ZKSCAN4, ICAM-1) were found to be associated with ambient temperature.
  • DNA methylation of ZKSCAN4 and ICAM-1 partially mediated the effects of cold temperature on high blood pressure and ICAM-1 protein levels, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Epidemiological evidence on environmental temperature's impact on human epigenetics is scarce, predominantly showing short-term cold effects on DNA methylation in vulnerable populations.
  • Identified gene methylation changes suggest potential links between temperature, epigenetics, and cardiovascular health.
  • Further research is essential to elucidate temperature-related epigenetic modifications, especially in the context of a changing climate.