Aggregation and stability of nanoscale plastics in aquatic environment

The widespread use and release of plastics in nature have raised global concerns about their impact on public health and the environment. While much research has been conducted on macro- and micro-sized plastics, the fate of nanoscale plastics remains unexplored. In this study, the aggregation kinetics and stability of polyethylene and polystyrene nanoscale plastics were investigated over a wide range of aquatic chemistries (pH, salt types (NaCl, CaCl_2, MgCl₂), ionic strength) relevant to the natural environment. Results showed that salt types and ionic strength had significant effects on the stability of both polyethylene and polystyrene nanoscale plastics, while pH had none. Aggregation and stability of both polyethylene and polystyrene nanoscale plastics in the aquatic environment followed colloidal theory (DLVO theory and Schulze-Hardy rule), similar to other colloidal particles. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) values of polyethylene nanoscale plastics were lower for CaCl₂ (0.1 mM) compared to NaCl (80 mM) and MgCl₂ (3 mM). Similarly, CCC values of polystyrene nanospheres were 10 mM for CaCl₂, 800 mM for NaCl and 25 mM for MgCl₂. It implies that CaCl₂ destabilized both polyethylene and polystyrene nanoscale plastics more aggressively than NaCl and MgCl₂. Moreover, polystyrene nanospheres are more stable in the aquatic environment than polyethylene nanoscale plastics. However, natural organic matter improved the stability of polyethylene nanoscale plastics in water primarily due to steric repulsion, increasing CCC values to 0.4 mM, 120 mM and 8 mM for CaCl_2, NaCl and MgCl₂ respectively. Stability studies with various water conditions demonstrated that polyethylene nanoscale plastics will be fairly stable in the natural surface waters. Conversely, synthetic surface water, wastewater, seawater and groundwater rapidly destabilized polyethylene nanoscale plastics. Overall, our findings indicate that significant aqueous transport of nanoscale plastics will be possible in natural surface waters.