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Algis Bertulis1, Tadas Surkys2, Arūnas Bielevičius2

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The Oppel-Kundt illusion, which affects spatial perception, is influenced by object outlines and filling methods. Supplementary visual objects can alter this illusion, suggesting a broader phenomenon of object size illusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Visual perception
  • Psychophysics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Perceptual estimates of visual object dimensions are influenced by shape and surface properties.
  • The Oppel-Kundt illusion is a key phenomenon in visual perception, historically attributed to filled space outlines and filling methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of supplementary objects within Oppel-Kundt figures on spatial dimension perception.
  • To determine how object outline and filling modes contribute to the Oppel-Kundt illusion.

Main Methods:

  • Psychophysical experiments using Oppel-Kundt figures with various supplementary stimuli (lines, rectangles, blurred contours, images).
  • Systematic variation of supplementary object properties to assess their effect on perceived spatial extent.
  • Ranking of supplementary objects based on their capacity to balance or induce illusions of distance and extent.

Main Results:

  • Supplementary objects placed within Oppel-Kundt figures can balance perceived distance or create illusions of extent.
  • The magnitude of illusion balancing and strength varied significantly with the spatial structure of supplementary objects.
  • A hierarchy of effectiveness was observed: line segment < blurred bar < rectangle contour < filled rectangle < greyscale < color images.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support explanations of the Oppel-Kundt illusion involving spatial-temporal summation at lower visual cortical levels.
  • Visual objects possess an inherent property to influence perceived size, with the Oppel-Kundt illusion being a specific instance.
  • The study suggests a unified sensory phenomenon where any visual object may appear larger than its actual area.