Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

348
Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
348
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

6.8K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
6.8K
Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

Determination of Expected Frequency

2.5K
Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
2.5K
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

9.8K
Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
9.8K
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

1.1K
The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
1.1K
Assumptions of Survival Analysis01:15

Assumptions of Survival Analysis

337
Survival models analyze the time until one or more events occur, such as death in biological organisms or failure in mechanical systems. These models are widely used across fields like medicine, biology, engineering, and public health to study time-to-event phenomena. To ensure accurate results, survival analysis relies on key assumptions and careful study design.
337

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Comparison of Commonly Used Screening Tools for Bipolar Disorders.

Bipolar disorders·2026
Same author

Positive beliefs about mania held by individuals with bipolar disorder: A systematic review.

Psychology and psychotherapy·2026
Same author

How is EMDR best conducted and adapted for trauma-focused work within bipolar disorder? A Delphi study.

European journal of psychotraumatology·2026
Same author

Estimating Effects of Longitudinal Modified Treatment Policies (LMTPs) on Rates of Change in Health Outcomes.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same author

Balancing Hype and Hope: Are Third-Wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapies a Good Fit for Bipolar Disorder? An ISBD Psychological Interventions Taskforce Editorial Paper.

Bipolar disorders·2026
Same author

How do Mental Health Service Users and Staff Think the Cost-of-living Crisis Has Impacted Mental Health in England? A Qualitative Analysis.

Community mental health journal·2026
Same journal

Towards the Efficient Inference by Incorporating Automated Computational Phenotypes under Covariate Shift.

Proceedings of machine learning research·2026
Same journal

Endo-SemiS: Towards Robust Semi-Supervised Image Segmentation for Endoscopic Video.

Proceedings of machine learning research·2026
Same journal

Perspective: Machine Learning for Health Should Consider Social Drivers of Health.

Proceedings of machine learning research·2026
Same journal

Classifying Phonotrauma Severity from Vocal Fold Images with Soft Ordinal Regression.

Proceedings of machine learning research·2026
Same journal

Does Domain-Specific Retrieval Augmented Generation Help LLMs Answer Consumer Health Questions?

Proceedings of machine learning research·2026
Same journal

Quantitative Convergence Analysis of Projected Stochastic Gradient Descent for Non-Convex Losses via the Goldstein Subdifferential.

Proceedings of machine learning research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research
09:35

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

Published on: August 16, 2017

18.2K

A Potential Outcomes Calculus for Identifying Conditional Path-Specific Effects.

Daniel Malinsky1, Ilya Shpitser1, Thomas Richardson2

  • 1Johns Hopkins University, Department of Computer Science, Baltimore, MD USA.

Proceedings of Machine Learning Research
|December 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce the potential outcome calculus (po-calculus), a generalization of do-calculus, to address complex causal inference problems with nested counterfactuals. This new system enables complete identification algorithms for path-specific effects, advancing causal AI and statistics.

More Related Videos

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

4.3K
Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

7.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 1, 2026

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research
09:35

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

Published on: August 16, 2017

18.2K
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

4.3K
Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

7.2K

Area of Science:

  • Causal Inference
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Statistics
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • The do-calculus is a foundational system for causal inference, enabling derivations between interventional and observed distributions.
  • However, the do-calculus is limited in its application to causal problems involving complex nested counterfactuals, such as path-specific effects and dynamic treatment regimes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the potential outcome calculus (po-calculus) as a generalization of the do-calculus.
  • To extend causal inference capabilities to problems with arbitrary potential outcomes and complex counterfactuals.
  • To bridge identification approaches from artificial intelligence and statistics.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the potential outcome calculus (po-calculus) as a novel deductive system.
  • Utilized po-calculus to formulate a complete identification algorithm for conditional path-specific effects.
  • Applied the po-calculus framework to mediation analysis and algorithmic fairness problems.

Main Results:

  • The po-calculus successfully generalizes the do-calculus to handle complex nested counterfactuals.
  • A complete identification algorithm for conditional path-specific effects was derived using po-calculus.
  • Demonstrated the applicability of po-calculus in mediation analysis and algorithmic fairness.

Conclusions:

  • The po-calculus provides a powerful new tool for causal inference, overcoming limitations of the do-calculus.
  • This framework facilitates the analysis of complex causal relationships previously intractable.
  • Po-calculus offers a unified approach for identification problems in diverse fields like AI and statistics.