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An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks.

Zahid Wadud1, Khadem Ullah2, Abdul Baseer Qazi3

  • 1Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 1, 2020
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

A new protocol, EESEVBF, improves underwater wireless sensor networks by extending a holding time mechanism to two hops. This reduces duplicate packets, lowers energy consumption, and decreases end-to-end delay for more reliable communication.

Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Networking

Background:

  • Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face challenges like low bandwidth, high error rates, and energy scarcity due to acoustic communication.
  • Existing vector-based routing protocols, like ESEVBF, attempt to manage these issues but have limitations, particularly with multi-hop communication and void/energy holes.
  • The hidden terminal problem and redundant packet generation further degrade UWSN performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an enhanced routing protocol, Extended Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol (EESEVBF), for UWSNs.
  • To address the limitations of existing protocols by extending the holding time mechanism to two hops.
  • To improve energy efficiency, reduce end-to-end delay, and increase the packet delivery ratio in UWSNs.
Keywords:
Extended Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding (EESEVBF)Potential Forwarding Nodes (PFNs)Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)

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Main Methods:

  • Developed the EESEVBF protocol, which modifies the holding time calculation to consider two hops.
  • Incorporated four key parameters into the holding time calculation: distance from transmission boundary relative to inverse energy (1st and 2nd hop), distance from virtual pipeline, distance from source to 2nd hop PFN, and distance from 1st hop PFN to destination.
  • Simulated the EESEVBF protocol and compared its performance against the ESEVBF protocol.

Main Results:

  • EESEVBF demonstrated a 20.2% reduction in end-to-end delay compared to ESEVBF.
  • The proposed protocol achieved approximately 6.66% greater energy efficiency.
  • EESEVBF resulted in an 11.26% reduction in redundant packet generation.

Conclusions:

  • The EESEVBF protocol effectively suppresses duplicate packets and mitigates the hidden terminal problem in UWSNs.
  • Extending the holding time mechanism to two hops significantly enhances network performance.
  • EESEVBF offers a more reliable and energy-efficient solution for underwater wireless sensor networks.