Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis
Published on: September 23, 2025
Time delay in the swing equation: A variety of bifurcations
T H Scholl1, L Gröll1, V Hagenmeyer1
1Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
Abstract:
The present paper addresses the swing equation with additional delayed damping as an example for pendulumlike systems. In this context, it is proved that recurring sub- and supercritical Hopf bifurcations occur if time delay is increased. To this end, a general formula for the first Lyapunov coefficient in second order systems with additional delayed damping and delay-free nonlinearity is given. Insofar, the paper extends the results about the stability switching of equilibria in linear time delay systems from Cooke and Grossman. In addition to the analytical results, periodic solutions are numerically dealt with. The numerical results demonstrate how a variety of qualitative behaviors are generated in the simple swing equation by only introducing time delay in a damping term.
More Related Videos
11:00Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section
Published on: July 19, 2016
10:52Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior
Published on: April 13, 2016
Related Concept Videos
The Swing Equation
In a steady-state operation, the mechanical torque (Τm) supplied to the generator is balanced by the electrical torque (Τe)...
Limits with Oscillating Discontinuities
Transmission-Line Differential Equations
Line Section Model
A circuit representing a line section of length Δx helps in understanding the transmission line parameters. The voltage V(x) and current i(x) are measured from...
Forced Oscillations
Linear Approximation in Time Domain
For a simple pendulum with a mass evenly distributed along its length and the center of mass located at half the pendulum's length,...
Stability
The stability of an LTI system is determined by the roots of its characteristic equation, known as poles. A system is stable if it produces a bounded...