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Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the Republic of Panama
W C Reeves1, M Cuevas, J R Arosemena
1Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Santo Tomás Hospital, Republic of Panama.
Abstract:
Thirty-one documented acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases occurred in Panama during 1984-1987. Twenty-three (74%) patients were homosexual males and all but 2 patients recognized prior to June 1987 have died. To identify risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 287 male homosexual residents of Panama City were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Nine had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody. Travel to the United States, homosexual relations with United States nationals in Panama, and sexual contacts in Panamanian clubs and bars were associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection by logistic regression analysis. Number of different male sex partners per year was identified but did not enter the logistic model at a significant level. To estimate seroprevalence in other high risk populations, 183 Panama City female prostitutes and 55 homosexual males from the rural Azuero peninsula were screened; none were seropositive. Eighty-four percent of Panamanian hemophiliacs had antibody; infection was related to factor VIII transfusions. Two of 182 sickle cell anemia patients and 15 of 7,720 volunteer blood donors were positive.
Insights
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Panama primarily affected homosexual males. Risk factors included travel to the United States and sexual contact with U.S. nationals.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Virology
- Public Health
Background:
- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged in Panama between 1984-1987, with homosexual males disproportionately affected.
- A significant mortality rate was observed among diagnosed AIDS patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among male homosexual residents in Panama City.
- To estimate HIV seroprevalence in other high-risk populations, including female prostitutes and rural homosexual males.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional study involving 287 male homosexual residents of Panama City.
- Logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for HIV infection.
- Screening of 183 female prostitutes and 55 rural homosexual males for HIV antibodies.
Main Results:
- Nine (3.1%) of the 287 male homosexuals studied had HIV antibodies.
- Travel to the United States, homosexual contact with U.S. nationals in Panama, and sexual activity in Panamanian clubs/bars were significant risk factors.
- No HIV antibodies were detected in female prostitutes or rural homosexual males.
- Eighty-four percent of Panamanian hemophiliacs tested positive for HIV, linked to Factor VIII transfusions.
- Two sickle cell anemia patients and 15 blood donors tested positive for HIV.
Conclusions:
- Male homosexual activity, particularly involving international contact, was a primary driver of HIV transmission in Panama.
- Hemophiliacs represent a significant at-risk group due to Factor VIII transfusions.
- Targeted prevention strategies are crucial for high-risk populations.