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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
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Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

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Rotator Cuff Retears.

Luciano Andrés Rossi1, Jorge Chahla2, Nikhil N Verma2

  • 1Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

JBJS Reviews
|January 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rotator cuff repair success is limited by high retear rates, influenced by patient factors and surgical techniques. Optimal rehabilitation and managing comorbidities are key for better healing and outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Rotator cuff tears have high re-tear rates despite surgical advances, often occurring within six months post-op.
  • Factors like age, tear size, and comorbidities (osteoporosis, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia) negatively impact tendon healing.
  • While double-row repair shows promise over single-row, no specific double-row technique is definitively superior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of rotator cuff healing.
  • To identify factors influencing rotator cuff repair outcomes.
  • To discuss surgical techniques and rehabilitation strategies for rotator cuff tears.

Main Methods:

  • Review of Level-I and Level-II evidence meta-analyses.
  • Analysis of clinical features affecting tendon healing.
  • Evaluation of different rotator cuff repair configurations and rehabilitation protocols.

Main Results:

  • Double-row repair is associated with lower retear rates than single-row repair.
  • Patient-specific factors significantly influence healing potential.
  • Postoperative immobilization (2-4 weeks) and graded rehabilitation aid healing without stiffness.

Conclusions:

  • Despite advances, rotator cuff retear rates remain a concern.
  • Managing patient comorbidities and optimizing surgical technique are crucial.
  • Supervised, graded rehabilitation is recommended for improved functional outcomes.