Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

828
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
828
Statistical Methods for Analyzing Epidemiological Data01:25

Statistical Methods for Analyzing Epidemiological Data

841
Epidemiological data primarily involves information on specific populations' occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and diseases. This data is crucial for understanding disease patterns and impacts, aiding public health decision-making and disease prevention strategies. The analysis of epidemiological data employs various statistical methods to interpret health-related data effectively. Here are some commonly used methods:
841
Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques IV01:26

Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques IV

196
Stress often leads to unhealthy habits like smoking, excessive drinking, and overeating, which offer short-term relief but ultimately increase long-term health risks. These behaviors create a cycle that temporarily lowers stress levels but can result in severe long-term health consequences. Breaking these habits is essential to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve overall well-being. Three primary changes that support better health include quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake,...
196
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

5.0K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
5.0K
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

6.8K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
6.8K
Self-Regulation01:25

Self-Regulation

175
Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
175

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cocaine use disorder: anhedonia and emotional flattening in an emotional picture rating task.

Addictive behaviors·2026
Same author

Dating and disclosure in young adults with a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome: A quantitative analysis.

Journal of psychosocial oncology·2026
Same author

Fentanyl Overdose History and Cocaine Use Severity Are Associated with How People Mitigate Risks of Fentanyl-Adulterated Cocaine.

Substance use & misuse·2026
Same author

Associations of food insecurity with gestational weight gain: findings from 10 PRAMS study sites (2016-2021).

American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM·2026
Same author

Examining the Benefits of Early Prenatal Care Using US Birth Records.

Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)·2026
Same author

Virtual Versus In-Person Prenatal Care Screenings Among Pregnant Women in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-2021.

Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
07:42

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents

Published on: August 2, 2018

14.3K

Effort-based decision making varies by smoking status.

Merideth A Addicott1, Margaret C Wardle2, James P Selig3

  • 1Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA. maddicott@uams.edu.

Psychopharmacology
|January 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smokers show reduced sensitivity to reward value, impacting effort-based decisions. Improved reward sensitivity in ex-smokers may aid smoking cessation success.

Keywords:
Decision makingEffortRewardSmoking cessationTobacco

More Related Videos

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements
06:39

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

Published on: August 28, 2017

14.7K
Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
14:21

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

Published on: August 6, 2013

18.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 31, 2025

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
07:42

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents

Published on: August 2, 2018

14.3K
Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements
06:39

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

Published on: August 28, 2017

14.7K
Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
14:21

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

Published on: August 6, 2013

18.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Reduced willingness to exert effort for rewards is linked to dopamine dysfunction and chronic drug use.
  • Understanding effort-based decision-making is crucial for addiction research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how smoking status influences effort-based decisions.
  • To compare effort-based choices between current smokers, ex-smokers, and never-smokers.

Main Methods:

  • Participants (smokers, ex-smokers, never-smokers) completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task.
  • Task involved selecting between low- and high-effort options for monetary rewards.
  • Reward magnitude, probability, and expected value were systematically varied.

Main Results:

  • All groups increased high-effort selections with higher reward magnitude and expected value.
  • Smokers exhibited reduced sensitivity to changes in reward magnitude, probability, and expected value compared to never-smokers.
  • Smokers also showed less sensitivity to probability and expected value changes compared to ex-smokers.
  • Lower nicotine dependence correlated with more high-effort selections in smokers and ex-smokers.

Conclusions:

  • Smoking status significantly affects effort-based decision-making and reward sensitivity.
  • Smokers demonstrate diminished sensitivity to non-drug reward value.
  • Enhanced reward sensitivity in ex-smokers may facilitate or result from smoking cessation, potentially explaining long-term abstinence.