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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
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Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
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Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Chronic Kidney Disease IV: Nursing Management01:18

Chronic Kidney Disease IV: Nursing Management

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Nursing management is essential for preventing complications, maintaining stability, and improving patients' quality of life in chronic kidney disease (CKD). By using a structured approach, nurses help slow CKD progression and support effective patient care​.1. Comprehensive patient assessmentEffective management begins with nurses reviewing the patient’s medical history, and identifying key risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, and nephrotoxic drug use. Nurses assess signs of...
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Anemia prevalence and treatment patterns in chronic kidney disease: a nationwide observational study using a Japanese primary care database (2018-2023).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats
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[Multiple consequences of HIF activation in CKD].

Tetsuhiro Tanaka1

  • 1Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine.

Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica
|January 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors, developed for chronic kidney disease (CKD) anemia, show potential for kidney protection. However, sustained hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation may cause fibrosis and worsen polycystic kidney disease.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Tubulointerstitial hypoxia is a key factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, impacting injury and repair.
  • Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and their regulators, prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), are central to cellular oxygen sensing.
  • PHD inhibitors are emerging therapeutics for anemia in CKD, with potential broader applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential implications of PHD inhibitors beyond anemia treatment in CKD.
  • To evaluate the protective effects of HIF activation on ischemic kidneys in CKD.
  • To investigate the dual nature of sustained HIF activation, including potential adverse effects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on PHD inhibitors and HIF activation in kidney injury models.

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  • Analysis of clinical trial data regarding metabolic and renal outcomes.
  • Assessment of systemic effects of sustained HIF activation in different pathological contexts.

    • Main Results:

    • PHD inhibitors show promise in ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress in acute kidney injury models.
    • Sustained HIF activation may lead to adverse renal outcomes like fibrosis and aggravated polycystic kidney disease.
    • Clinical studies indicate potential benefits in glucose and lipid metabolism, relevant for metabolic kidney disorders.

    Conclusions:

    • The renal consequences of PHD inhibitors are complex and context-dependent.
    • Systemic effects of sustained HIF activation influence outcomes in CKD.
    • Further research is needed to optimize PHD inhibitor therapy for diverse CKD stages and metabolic profiles.