Internet of Things, Digital Biomarker, and Artificial Intelligence in Spine: Current and Future Perspectives

Recent interest in medical artificial intelligence (AI) has increased with onset of the fourth industrial revolution. Real-time monitoring of patients is an important research area of medical AI. The medical AI is very closely related to the Internet of Things (IoT), a core element of the fourth industrial revolution. Attempts to diagnose and treat patients using IoT have been already applied to patients with chronic disease such as hypertension and arrhythmia. However, in the spine, research on IoT and digital biomarkers are still in the early stages. The digital biomarker obtained by IoT devices is objective and could represent real-time, real-world, and abundant data. Based on its characteristics, IoT and digital biomarkers can also be useful in the spine. Currently, research on real-time monitoring of physical activity or spinal posture is ongoing. Therefore, the authors introduce the basic concepts of IoT and digital biomarkers, their relationship to AI, and recent trends. Current and future perspectives of IoT and digital biomarker in spine are also discussed. In the future, it is expected that IoT, digital biomarkers, and AI will lead to a paradigm shift in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal diseases.