Immune Responses after Vascular Photodynamic Therapy with Redaporfin

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) that is activated, after a certain drug-to-light interval (DLI), by the irradiation of the target tumour with light of a specific wavelength absorbed by the PS. Typically, low light doses are insufficient to eradicate solid tumours and high fluence rates have been described as poorly immunogenic. However, previous work with mice bearing CT26 tumours demonstrated that vascular PDT with redaporfin, using a low light dose delivered at a high fluence rate, not only destroys the primary tumour but also reduces the formation of metastasis, thus suggesting anti-tumour immunity. This work characterizes immune responses triggered by redaporfin-PDT in mice bearing CT26 tumours. Our results demonstrate that vascular-PDT leads to a strong neutrophilia (2-24 h), systemic increase of IL-6 (24 h), increased percentage of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells producing IFN-γ or CD69⁺ (2-24 h) and increased CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell ratio (2-24 h). At the tumour bed, T cell tumour infiltration disappeared after PDT but reappeared with a much higher incidence one day later. In addition, it is shown that the therapeutic effect of redaporfin-PDT is highly dependent on neutrophils and CD8⁺ T cells but not on CD4⁺ T cells.