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Expression of the NEK family in normal and cancer tissue: an immunohistochemical study
Talita Diniz Melo-Hanchuk1, Mariana Bonjiorno Martins1, Lucas Leite Cunha2
1Departamento de Bioquímica e de Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Background:
The NEK serine/threonine protein kinases are involved in cell cycle checkpoints, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis. Alterations in these pathways are frequently associated with cell malignant cellular transformations. Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumour in the endocrine system. Despite good treatment methods, the number of cases has increased significantly in recent years. Here, we studied the expression of NEK1, NEK2, NEK3, and NEK5 in different types of normal and malignant tissues, using tissue microarray analysis, and identified NEKs as potential markers in thyroid malignancy.
Methods:
The studied cases comprised multiple cancer tissue microarrays, including breast, colon, esophagus, kidney, lung, pancreas, prostate, stomach, thyroid and uterine cervix, as well as 281 patients who underwent thyroid resection for thyroid cancer or thyroid nodules. The expression of NEK1, NEK2, NEK3, and NEK5 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The expression pattern was evaluated in terms of intensity by two methods, semiquantitative and quantitative, and was compared between normal and cancer tissue.
Results:
We analysed the expression of each member of the NEK family in a tissue-dependent manner. Compared to normal tissue, most of the evaluated proteins showed lower expression in lung tumour. However, in the thyroid, the expression was higher in malignant tissue, especially for NEK 1, NEK3 and NEK5. Concerning characteristics of the thyroid tumour, such as aggressiveness, NEK1 expression was higher in tumours with multifocality and in patients with lymph node metastasis. NEK3 expression was stronger in patients with stage II, that involved metastasis. NEK5, on the other hand, showed high expression in patients with invasion and metastasis and in patients with tumour size > 4 cm. Furthermore, this work, demonstrated for the first time a high specificity and sensitivity of over-expression of NEK1 in classical and follicular variants of papillary thyroid cancer and NEK3 in tall-cell papillary thyroid cancer.
Conclusion:
Taken together, the NEK protein kinases emerge as important proteins in thyroid cancer development and may help to identify malignancy and aggressiveness features during diagnosis.
Trial Registration:
This study was retrospectively registered. www.accamargo.org.br/cientistas-pesquisadores/comite-de-etica-em-pequisa-cep.
Insights
NEK protein kinases are upregulated in thyroid cancer, with NEK1, NEK3, and NEK5 showing increased expression in malignant tissues. These NEKs may serve as diagnostic markers for thyroid malignancy and its aggressiveness.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- NEK serine/threonine protein kinases regulate cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis.
- Aberrant NEK activity is linked to malignant transformation.
- Thyroid cancer incidence is rising despite available treatments.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the expression patterns of NEK1, NEK2, NEK3, and NEK5 in various normal and malignant tissues.
- To identify potential roles of NEKs as biomarkers for thyroid cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
Main Methods:
- Tissue microarray analysis of multiple cancer types, including thyroid.
- Immunohistochemical analysis of NEK1, NEK2, NEK3, and NEK5 expression.
- Semiquantitative and quantitative evaluation of protein expression in normal versus cancerous thyroid tissue.
Main Results:
- NEK protein expression varied by tissue type; most NEKs were downregulated in lung tumors but upregulated in thyroid tumors.
- NEK1, NEK3, and NEK5 showed significantly higher expression in malignant thyroid tissues.
- Specific NEK expression correlated with tumor aggressiveness, including multifocality, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, and invasion.
Conclusions:
- NEK protein kinases are implicated in thyroid cancer development.
- Overexpression of NEK1 and NEK3 demonstrates high specificity and sensitivity in certain papillary thyroid cancer subtypes.
- NEKs show potential as diagnostic markers for thyroid malignancy and indicators of tumor aggressiveness.
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