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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

12.8K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
55.8K
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

17.2K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Thermally Induced Hydrogen-Bond Rearrangements in Small Water Clusters and the Persistent Water Tetramer.

Nagaprasad Reddy Samala1, Noam Agmon1

  • 1The Fritz Haber Research Center, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.

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Summary

Small water clusters undergo distinct phase transitions, including vaporization, influencing atmospheric chemistry. These transitions, particularly for water dimer and tetramer, explain observed atmospheric cluster size distributions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Small water clusters are crucial for atmospheric reactions and heat absorption.
  • Experimental data on water cluster distribution and phase transitions remain conflicting.
  • Molecular mechanisms and specific phase transitions of water clusters are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase transitions of small water clusters (n=2-6).
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these transitions.
  • To correlate transition properties with atmospheric cluster size distributions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the MB-pol water potential for accurate molecular interactions.
  • Employed the g-BAOAB thermostating algorithm for advanced simulations.
  • Analyzed long molecular dynamics trajectories to identify phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • Identified "bifurcation", "melting", and "vaporization" transitions in water clusters.
  • Discovered that melting and vaporization proceed via a "monomer on a ring" conformer.
  • Observed significant distance fluctuations at vaporization temperatures (Tv).
  • Linked Tv values of dimer and tetramer to their under/over-representation in atmospheric distributions.

Conclusions:

  • Logarithmic tails in radial probability densities indicate phase transitions.
  • Vaporization temperatures (Tv) are critical for atmospheric cluster size distribution.
  • The "monomer on a ring" conformer is key to understanding water cluster phase behavior.