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Nociception

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.

Sensory Functions of the Skin

Sensory Functions of the Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing

Published on: October 20, 2021

A UV damage-sensing nociceptive device for bionic applications.

Li Zhou¹, Shi-Rui Zhang, Jia-Qin Yang

¹Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics (IMO), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China. sutinghan@szu.edu.cn.

|January 8, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed artificial nociceptors for bionic limbs using UV-sensitive nanoparticles. This innovation allows artificial limbs to sense harmful UV light, mimicking natural pain responses and protecting materials.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Multifunctional bionic limbs lack nociceptive systems, preventing amputees from sensing harmful stimuli.
UV radiation poses a threat to human skin and eyes and degrades synthetic polymers in bionic limbs.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop artificial nociceptors capable of sensing UV damage for enhanced bionic limb functionality.
To integrate UV-sensing capabilities into bionic limbs to mimic natural protective responses.

Main Methods:

Azobenzene-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Azo-Au NPs) were embedded within poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
A two-terminal memristor device was constructed using these Azo-Au NPs in PMMA.
UV irradiation was used as the stimulus to test the device's nociceptive behaviors.

Main Results:

The constructed memristor successfully emulated key nociceptive behaviors, including "threshold", "relaxation", and "sensitization".
The device demonstrated sensitivity to UV light, responding to it as a noxious stimulus.
The Azo-Au NPs within PMMA effectively functioned as UV damage sensors.

Conclusions:

UV damage-sensing nociceptors are a feasible strategy to improve bionic limbs.
This technology brings bionic limbs closer to replicating the sensory functions of natural limbs.
The developed memristor shows potential for application as an artificial nociceptive system in prosthetics.