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Lisa Bohlen1, Raphael Jeker1, Thomas Fehr1

  • 1Innere Medizin, Kantonsspital Graubünden.

Praxis
|January 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypercalcemia, or high blood calcium, presents with neurological and cardiovascular symptoms. Prompt treatment and identifying the underlying cause, such as parathyroid hormone dysfunction, are crucial for patient management.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypercalcemia is defined as an albumin-corrected calcium level greater than 2.6 mmol/l.
  • Symptoms manifest primarily in neurological-psychiatric and cardiovascular systems.
  • Severe, symptomatic hypercalcemia constitutes a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define hypercalcemia and its clinical manifestations.
  • To outline the urgent management of severe hypercalcemia.
  • To categorize hypercalcemia based on underlying pathophysiology for diagnostic guidance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pathophysiology and clinical presentation of hypercalcemia.
  • Classification of hypercalcemia into four main etiological groups.
Keywords:
HypercalcemiaHyperkalzämieHyperparathyreoidismusSarkoidosehyperparathyroidismsarcoidosis

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  • Emphasis on diagnostic approaches including medical history and laboratory tests.

    • Main Results:

    • Hypercalcemia is associated with significant neurological and cardiovascular morbidity.
    • Effective management necessitates both immediate treatment and etiological diagnosis.
    • The four pathophysiological groups include parathyroid hormone dysfunction, vitamin D metabolism disturbances, bone metabolism disorders, and impaired renal calcium excretion.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause is essential for effective hypercalcemia treatment.
    • A systematic approach based on pathophysiology aids in identifying the etiology.
    • Prompt recognition and management of hypercalcemia are critical for preventing severe complications.