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The Contractile Ring

The Contractile Ring

Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...

Work Done by Many Forces

Work Done by Many Forces

The total work done on an object acted upon by multiple forces can be computed using two methods that give the same result. In one method, the work done by each force is first calculated. Then, those values are summed algebraically to calculate the total work done by all the forces. In the second method, the net force is first calculated by a vector sum of all the forces. Then, the work done by this force is obtained.
Since forces perpendicular to the displacement do no work, they do not...

Work Done on a System by External Force

Work Done on a System by External Force

The work done by an external force on a particle changes its kinetic energy. However, internal forces must also be considered for a system of interacting particles. The potential energy formulation helps formulate the effect of internal forces. The net work done by an external force can be written in terms of the total change of mechanical energy, which includes both kinetic and potential energies.
In the presence of a non-conservative opposing force, like friction, some part of the work done...

Torts III

Torts III

Types of Quasi-intentional Torts in Healthcare
Quasi-intentional torts in healthcare involve acts where intent is not directed to harm an individual but results in harm due to careless or reckless speech.

Torts II

Torts II

Intentional torts in healthcare refer to deliberate actions that cause harm or infringe on the rights of others. Understanding these torts is crucial for healthcare professionals to avoid legal liabilities and maintain ethical standards in patient care.

Work

Work

Work is a fundamental concept of mechanical engineering and has many applications. Understanding how work is calculated and the different types of work can help us better understand physical processes and provide insights into complex problems.
Work is defined as the result of a force acting on an object, causing it to move along the line of action of force. It is also defined as the process of transferring energy through the application of force on an object, resulting in its displacement.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

Published on: March 29, 2019

Can Authorship be Denied for Contract Work?

Livia Puljak¹, Dario Sambunjak²

¹Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Health Care, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia. livia.puljak@gmail.com.

Science and Engineering Ethics

|January 9, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Contracted researchers deserve authorship on published studies. Contracts should clarify intellectual contributions, and journals need dispute resolution, potentially leading to retraction if unresolved. Guidance for contracted research authorship needs updating.

Keywords:

Authorship Contract Payment Publication ethics Research integrity

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Last Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

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Published on: March 29, 2019

PDMS Device Fabrication and Surface Modification

PDMS Device Fabrication and Surface Modification

Published on: October 1, 2007

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Published on: October 28, 2020

Area of Science:

Research ethics
Scholarly publishing
Intellectual property

Background:

Authorship disputes arise when paid researchers are denied publication credit.
Contracted research work necessitates clear authorship agreements.
Existing publication ethics guidelines may not adequately address contracted research scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore ethical considerations surrounding authorship for contracted researchers.
To propose mechanisms for resolving authorship disputes in contracted research.
To recommend updates to publication ethics guidance for contracted work.

Main Methods:

Analysis of ethical principles in academic publishing.
Review of contractual agreements in research settings.
Examination of current authorship guidelines from major editorial committees.

Main Results:

Contracts must explicitly recognize researchers' intellectual contributions and authorship rights.
Journal editors require clear processes to address authorship disputes, including contract review.
Unresolved disputes may necessitate manuscript retraction.

Conclusions:

Clear contractual stipulations for authorship are crucial for contracted research.
Journal editors and ethics committees must develop robust dispute resolution protocols.
Updated guidance is needed to ensure fair authorship practices in contracted research.