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Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Dihybrid Crosses

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Overview
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Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...
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Chromosome restructuring among hybridizing wild wheats.

Christian Parisod1, Ekaterina D Badaeva2

  • 1Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland.

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|January 9, 2020
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Summary

Wild wheat evolution reveals complex genome dynamics. Hybridization led to diversification, with changes in genome size and chromosome structure influencing adaptation and species radiation.

Keywords:
Aegilops-Triticum (wild wheats)chromosome evolutiongenome dynamicshybrid speciationrepeated sequencestransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Wild wheats provide a model for studying hybridization, chromosomal evolution, and diversification.
  • Ancient hybridization events involving A- and B-genome lineages created the D-genome lineage, driving significant radiation and genomic changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay between hybridization, chromosomal evolution, and biological diversification in wild wheats.
  • To characterize genome dynamics, including gene, repeat, and transposable element profiles, across divergent wild wheat species.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative profiling of low-copy genes, repeated sequences, and transposable elements.
  • Analysis of karyotypes and genome size variations among different wild wheat species.

Main Results:

  • Wild wheat genomes exhibit high dynamics, with significant chromosomal rearrangements and changes in genome size.
  • Specific hybrid clades show 'genomic obesity' via chromosome upsizing and repeat proliferation.
  • Other species display stable genome size with increasing chromosomal asymmetry, linked to adaptive processes.

Conclusions:

  • Genome restructuring in wild wheats is closely tied to adaptive processes and species diversification.
  • Understanding chromosomal evolution in wild wheats is crucial for characterizing genetic resources and complex genomes.
  • Future research using advanced sequencing technologies will further elucidate these evolutionary pathways.