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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation02:35

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

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The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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On the temperature dependence of liquid structure.

Zeke A Piskulich1, Ward H Thompson1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|January 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A new method predicts temperature-dependent molecular behavior from one simulation. This approach uses fluctuation theory to reveal temperature effects on molecular structure, like in liquid water.

Area of Science:

  • Computational chemistry
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Predicting temperature-dependent properties of materials is crucial for understanding their behavior.
  • Traditional methods often require multiple simulations at different temperatures, which is computationally expensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, efficient method for predicting equilibrium distribution functions across a range of temperatures.
  • To provide mechanistic insights into temperature-dependent phenomena using a single simulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing fluctuation theory applied to standard equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) or Monte Carlo (MC) simulations.
  • Performing a single-temperature simulation to gather necessary data.

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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
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Main Results:

  • Successfully predicted the O-O radial distribution function of liquid water from 235 K to 360 K using a room-temperature MD simulation.
  • Demonstrated the method's ability to capture temperature-dependent structural changes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a computationally efficient alternative for studying temperature effects on molecular systems.
  • This approach provides valuable mechanistic understanding of temperature-dependent behavior, applicable to various materials.