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Related Concept Videos

Applications of Stress01:04

Applications of Stress

566
Consider a structure made of a boom and a rod designed to support a load. These two components are connected by a pin and stabilized by brackets and pins. The boom and the rod are detached from their supports to assess the different stresses imposed on this structure, and a free-body diagram is drawn. Then, all the forces applied, including the load acting on the structure, are identified. The reaction forces exerted on both the boom and the rod are computed using the equilibrium equations.
The...
566
Psychological Responses to Stress01:20

Psychological Responses to Stress

437
Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
437
Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

569
Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
569
Stress Concentrations01:13

Stress Concentrations

534
The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
The stress...
534
Components of Stress01:23

Components of Stress

451
Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
Interestingly, the hidden cube faces also experience these stresses, equal and...
451
Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

474
Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
474

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Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
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Testing the Limits of Sex Differences Using Variable Stress.

Alyssa Johnson1, Jennifer R Rainville1, G Nicole Rivero-Ballon1

  • 1School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.

Neuroscience
|January 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Female mice show stress susceptibility after short-term variable stress, while both sexes exhibit long-lasting effects from longer stress durations. Individual differences in stress response were observed across sexes.

Keywords:
animal modelsbehaviordepressionsex differencesstress

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Depression affects women more than men, with differing symptoms.
  • Preclinical research often uses male subjects and limited behavioral tests.
  • Sex-based differences in stress response and mood disorders are under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex differences in behavioral responses to variable stress.
  • To examine the duration and persistence of stress effects.
  • To explore individual variability in stress susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Male and female mice were exposed to variable stress for 6, 28, or 56 days.
  • Behavioral testing used a battery aligned with Research Domain Criteria.
  • A composite z-score measured stress susceptibility across tests, including post-recovery assessments.

Main Results:

  • Females, not males, were susceptible to 6-day stress if tested 24h later; both sexes showed effects after 30 days.
  • 28-day stress induced susceptibility in both sexes with long-lasting effects.
  • 56-day stress led to habituation, but anxiety measures persisted; individual and sex differences in behavior were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Variable stress elicits sex-specific behavioral responses and individual differences.
  • Stress effects can be long-lasting, with varying persistence depending on duration.
  • A comprehensive behavioral test battery can identify stress susceptibility, aiding mood disorder research.