Organic Electrode Materials for Metal Ion Batteries

Organic and polymer materials have been extensively investigated as electrode materials for rechargeable batteries because of the low cost, abundance, environmental benignity, and high sustainability. To date, organic electrode materials have been applied in a large variety of energy storage devices, including nonaqueous Li-ion, Na-ion, K-ion, dual-ion, multivalent-metal, aqueous, all-solid-state, and redox flow batteries, because of the universal properties of organic electrode materials. Moreover, some organic materials enable the batteries to be operated in the extreme conditions, such as a wide temperature range (-70 to 150 °C), a wide pH range, and in the presence of O₂. As a guidance for the research in organic batteries, this Review focuses on the reaction mechanisms and applications of organic electrode materials. Six categories of reaction mechanisms and the applications of organic and polymer materials in various rechargeable batteries are discussed to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art organic batteries.