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Exploring the Progressive Use of Performance Enhancing Substances by High-Performance Athletes

Aaron C T Smith1, Constantino Stavros2

  • 1Institute for Sport Business, Loughborough University London, UK.

Substance Use & Misuse
|January 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

High-level athletes escalate performance-enhancing substance (PES) use due to urgent performance maximization needs. Key drivers include requirements, opportunities, influencers, and outcomes, creating an urgency ecosystem for increased PES use.

Keywords:
Performance enhancing substancesathletesdopinglife course narratives

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