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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

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Related Experiment Video

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Tick-borne encephalitis vaccination in multiple sclerosis: A prospective, multicenter study.

Alexander Winkelmann1, Christoph Metze2, Silvius Frimmel2

  • 1From the Department of Neurology (A.W.), University of Rostock, Germany; Section of Neuroimmunology (C.M., U.K.Z.), Department of Neurology; and Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases (S.F., E.C.R., M.L.). alexander.winkelmann@med.uni-rostock.de.

Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
|January 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination is safe for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, showing good tolerability and a decrease in relapse rates. Vaccine response varied based on disease-modifying drug treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system.
  • Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection that can cause severe neurological disease.
  • Patients with MS often require disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) that can impact immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of TBE vaccination in MS patients on various DMTs.
  • To assess changes in MS disease activity following TBE vaccination.
  • To determine the clinical tolerability of the TBE vaccine in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized observational study.
  • Enrolled 20 MS patients on DMTs for at least 6 months, receiving TBE vaccination.
  • Monitored MS disease activity (EDSS, relapse rates) and registered adverse events for 1 year post-vaccination; measured TBE antibody response pre- and post-vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Annualized relapse rate in MS patients decreased from 0.65 to 0.21 post-vaccination.
  • Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) remained stable.
  • Geometric mean titer (GMT) for TBE antibodies significantly increased from 169 to 719 VIEU/mL (p=0.001), with 77.8% achieving protective titers.
  • Vaccine response varied among different DMTs, with fingolimod showing the lowest antibody titer increase.

Conclusions:

  • TBE vaccination is safe and well-tolerated in MS patients.
  • Vaccination did not increase MS disease activity and was associated with reduced relapse rates.
  • The immunogenicity and vaccine response are influenced by the specific DMT used.