Boosting fast energy storage by synergistic engineering of carbon and deficiency

Exploring advanced battery materials with fast charging/discharging capability is of great significance to the development of modern electric transportation. Herein we report a powerful synergistic engineering of carbon and deficiency to construct high-quality three/two-dimensional cross-linked Ti₂Nb₁₀O_29-x@C composites at primary grain level with conformal and thickness-adjustable boundary carbon. Such exquisite boundary architecture is demonstrated to be capable of regulating the mechanical stress and concentration of oxygen deficiency for desired performance. Consequently, significantly improved electronic conductivity and enlarged lithium ion diffusion path, shortened activation process and better structural stability are realized in the designed Ti₂Nb₁₀O_29-x@C composites. The optimized Ti₂Nb₁₀O_29-x@C composite electrode shows fast charging/discharging capability with a high capacity of 197 mA h g^-1 at 20 C (∼3 min) and excellent long-term durability with 98.7% electron and Li capacity retention over 500 cycles. Most importantly, the greatest applicability of our approach has been demonstrated by various other metal oxides, with tunable morphology, structure and composition.