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Thyroid eye disease: current and potential medical management.

Jessica M Pouso-Diz1, Jose M Abalo-Lojo2, Francisco Gonzalez3,2

  • 1Department of Surgery and Medicosurgical Specialties and CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. jessy7_pd@hotmail.com.

International Ophthalmology
|January 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid eye disease (TED), often linked to Graves' disease, requires careful management. While corticosteroids are common, their side effects prompt research into alternative treatments with currently unclear efficacy.

Keywords:
CorticosteroidsGraves’ diseaseTSHRThyroid eye disease

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the primary extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease, predominantly affecting middle-aged females.
  • The exact causal mechanisms of TED are not fully understood, but the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is implicated as a key factor.
  • Understanding TED's pathogenesis is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current medical management strategies for Thyroid Eye Disease.
  • To identify risk factors and treatment criteria for TED.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and limitations of existing and emerging TED treatments.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Reports on TED medical management were systematically collected and analyzed.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on studies detailing risk factors, treatment approaches, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Tobacco use is identified as the most significant risk factor for TED.
  • Treatment selection for TED depends on disease activity and severity.
  • Supportive measures can alleviate symptoms throughout all disease stages, though drug efficacy varies.

Conclusions:

  • Corticosteroids are the current standard for moderate-to-severe and sight-threatening TED, despite potential side effects.
  • Alternative treatments for TED are under investigation due to corticosteroid-related adverse events.
  • The long-term efficacy and safety of alternative TED therapies require further clinical validation.