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Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...

Precipitation Titration: Overview

Precipitation Titration: Overview

Precipitation titration involves the reaction of a titrant and an analyte to generate an insoluble precipitate. While precipitation titration uses various precipitating agents, silver nitrate is the most common precipitating reagent; titrations involving Ag+ are called argentometric titrations. Usually, the endpoint in a precipitation titration can be detected by visual indicators.
A precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of the titrant or analyte upon adding the...

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Published on: April 3, 2014

Is precipitation a good metric for model performance?

Francisco J Tapiador¹, Rémy Roca², Anthony Del Genio³

¹University of Castilla-La Mancha. Institute of Environmental Sciences. Department of Environmental Sciences. Earth and Space Sciences Group. Av. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

|January 11, 2020

Summary

Precipitation is vital for verifying weather and climate models, but its measurement challenges complicate validation. Highly accurate satellite data, like NASA

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Last Updated: Dec 31, 2025

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Area of Science:

Meteorology and Climate Science
Earth Observation

Background:

Precipitation is a key variable for evaluating numerical weather and climate models.
Its high spatial variability and measurement difficulties pose challenges for accurate model validation.
Discrepancies exist among different precipitation reference datasets, further complicating its use.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the utility and challenges of using precipitation for model verification and validation.
To highlight the importance of precise satellite precipitation estimates for improving model performance assessment.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on precipitation data and model validation techniques.
Discussion of the characteristics of precipitation data that affect its use in model evaluation.
Emphasis on the role of satellite-based precipitation estimates.

Main Results:

Precipitation's unique properties (spatial variability, sharp gradients) present inherent difficulties in model validation.
Measurement inaccuracies and dataset differences can question precipitation's reliability as a sole validation metric.
Satellite estimates offer a crucial pathway to more precise and reliable precipitation data.

Conclusions:

Despite challenges, precipitation remains essential for model verification.
Highly precise satellite precipitation estimates are critical for robust model validation.
The Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) provides valuable data for this purpose.