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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
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Contextual Cell Death in Adaptive Immunity: Selecting a Winning Response.

Alan Herbert1

  • 1Discovery, InsideOutBio, Inc., Charlestown, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The adaptive immune system may use "click" interactions to eliminate cells and select the most effective immune response. This self-organizing system adapts rapidly, offering potential for new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cellschaos & non-linearitycontextual cell deathgene therapeuticsintransitive logicphenotypic plasticitytransendocytosistrogocytosis

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Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells
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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Systems Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The adaptive immune system's response selection is complex and not fully understood.
  • Intransitive logic, like in Rock-Paper-Scissors, suggests context-dependent outcomes.
  • Specialized interactions may guide immune cell selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel mechanism for adaptive immune response selection.
  • To explore the role of receptor-ligand interactions ('clicks') in immune cell selection.
  • To investigate the potential for therapeutic applications based on this mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual proposal based on existing immunological principles.
  • Hypothesizing the function of specialized receptor-ligand pairs ('clicks').
  • Modeling self-organizing cell assemblies and their adaptive properties.

Main Results:

  • Clicks initiate contextual cell death to select optimal immune responses.
  • Phenotypic plasticity and multi-lineage cell assemblies are crucial.
  • Self-organizing assemblies use clicks to tailor responses to threats.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed click-based mechanism offers an adaptive, evolutionary framework for immune response selection.
  • This system demonstrates rapid adaptation and potential for re-engineering.
  • Click-based assemblies present opportunities for developing novel therapeutics.