General Growth of Carbon Nanotubes for Cerium Redox Reactions in High-Efficiency Redox Flow Batteries

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess remarkable mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties that predestine them for numerous potential applications. The conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route for the production of CNTs, however, suffers from costly and complex issues. Herein, we demonstrate a general and high-yield strategy to grow nitrogen-doped CNTs (NCNTs) on three-dimensional (3D) graphite felt (GF) substrates, through a direct thermal pyrolysis process simply using a common tube furnace, instead of the costly and complex CVD method. Specifically, the NCNTs-decorated GF (NCNT-GF) electrode possesses enhanced electrocatalytic performance towards cerium redox reactions, mainly due to the catalytic effect of N atoms doped into NCNTs, and ingenious and hierarchical 3D architecture of the NCNT-GF. As a result, the cell with the NCNT-GF serving as a positive electrode shows the improved energy efficiency with increases of about 53.4% and 43.8% over the pristine GF and the acidly treated GF at a high charge/discharge rate of 30 mA cm^-2, respectively. Moreover, the as-prepared NCNT catalyst-enhanced electrode is found to be highly robust and should enable a long-term cycle without detectable efficiency loss after 500 cycles. The viable synthetic strategy reported in this study will contribute to the further development of more active heteroatom-doped CNTs for redox flow batteries.