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Related Concept Videos

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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Van der Waals Interactions01:24

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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Multiple Diffusion-Freezing Mechanisms in Molecular-Hydrogen Films.

T Makiuchi1, K Yamashita1, M Tagai1

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|January 11, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thin films of hydrogen isotopes exhibit unique diffusion behaviors at low temperatures. These findings suggest the surface layer is approaching a quantum superfluid state.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Fluids
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a promising candidate for novel bosonic and fermionic superfluids.
  • Understanding the behavior of hydrogen isotopes (H2, HD, D2) in thin films is crucial for exploring quantum phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diffusion dynamics of H2, HD, and D2 thin films adsorbed on a glass substrate.
  • To identify the mechanisms governing admolecule diffusion and localization at cryogenic temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Measurements of elasticity of thin films of H2, HD, and D2.
  • Analysis of anomalies in elasticity well below the bulk triple point temperature.

Main Results:

  • Observed multiple elasticity anomalies attributed to three distinct diffusion mechanisms: classical vacancy diffusion, quantum vacancy tunneling, and surface diffusion.
  • Surface diffusion remains active down to 1 Kelvin.
  • Admolecules become localized below 1 Kelvin.

Conclusions:

  • The observed diffusion mechanisms and their freezing indicate complex admolecule behavior in hydrogen thin films.
  • The surface layer of hydrogen films appears to be on the verge of a quantum phase transition to a superfluid state.