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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Updated: Dec 31, 2025

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

Published on: July 22, 2014

Brain miliary enhancement.

Joseph C J Bot¹, Linda Mazzai^2,3, Rogier E Hagenbeek⁴

¹Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.bot@amsterdamumc.nl.

|January 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Miliary enhancement on brain MRI can indicate various conditions. Recognizing spread along perivascular spaces and specific MRI findings aids diagnosis, potentially reducing invasive procedures.

Keywords:

Brain Contrast Magnetic resonance imaging Miliary Virchow–Robin spaces

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Area of Science:

Neuroradiology
Neuroimaging
Differential Diagnosis

Background:

Miliary enhancement on T1-weighted post-contrast MRI presents as multiple small, monomorphic enhancing foci.
A broad differential diagnosis for miliary enhancement can lead to invasive procedures, including brain biopsy.
Lack of clear clinical presentation complicates the diagnosis of miliary enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

To review diseases presenting with miliary enhancement on brain MRI.
To summarize clinical and radiological findings associated with miliary enhancement.
To categorize findings based on perivascular space involvement to aid diagnosis.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of diseases causing miliary enhancement on T1-weighted brain MR images.
Summarization of disease-specific clinical and radiological findings.
Categorization of findings by perivascular space involvement.

Main Results:

Miliary enhancement can result from inflammatory, infectious, nutritional, or neoplastic processes.
Identifying perivascular space spread and specific MRI features (leptomeningeal enhancement, hemorrhage, spinal cord involvement) narrows differential diagnoses.
Systematic evaluation of clinical and radiological data is crucial.

Conclusions:

A systematic approach integrating clinical and radiological findings aids diagnostic work-up for miliary enhancement.
Recognizing perivascular space involvement helps narrow differential diagnoses.
Minimizing invasive diagnostic procedures is facilitated by improved diagnostic accuracy.