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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

2.6K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
2.6K
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

252
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
252
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

612
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
612
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

618
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
618
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

391
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
391
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

316
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
316

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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Heart Failure With Mid-range Ejection Fraction.

Pratyaksh K Srivastava1, Jeffrey J Hsu1, Boback Ziaeian1,2

  • 1Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Current Heart Failure Reports
|January 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a complex condition with unclear characteristics. Further research is crucial for understanding its management and prognosis.

Keywords:
Heart failureMid-range ejection fraction

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Heart Failure Research
  • Clinical Phenotyping

Background:

  • The 2013 AHA/ACC guidelines created a "gray zone" for heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) (EF 41-49%).
  • HFmrEF patients exhibit heterogeneous clinical features, resembling both HFrEF and HFpEF, or a unique phenotype.
  • This distinct group lacks dedicated randomized controlled trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the epidemiology of HFmrEF.
  • To elucidate the pathophysiology of this heart failure subtype.
  • To describe current management strategies and prognosis for HFmrEF patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on HFmrEF.
  • Analysis of clinical characteristics and outcomes in HFmrEF.
  • Synthesis of evidence from HFrEF and HFpEF trials with overlapping populations.

Main Results:

  • HFmrEF represents a significant patient group with substantial mortality rates, comparable to HFrEF and HFpEF.
  • Some evidence suggests potential benefits from medications used in HFrEF/HFpEF, including beta-blockers and ARNI.
  • The pathophysiology and precise clinical profile of HFmrEF remain poorly understood.

Conclusions:

  • HFmrEF is a complex and under-researched area of heart failure.
  • Current management strategies are extrapolated from HFrEF and HFpEF guidelines.
  • Further dedicated research is essential to define HFmrEF's pathophysiology, optimal treatments, and long-term outcomes.