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Subject selection biases in alcoholic samples: effects on cognitive performance.

S J Nixon1, O A Parsons, K W Schaeffer

  • 1Center for Alcohol and Drug Related Studies, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Norman.

Journal of Clinical Psychology
|September 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Subject selection bias in alcoholism research may skew results. Eligible alcoholics who declined participation showed poorer cognitive performance, suggesting current methods may hinder understanding of cognitive deficits in sober alcoholics.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Subject selection bias is a significant concern in alcoholism research.
  • Previous studies on cognitive deficits in sober alcoholics may be influenced by participant recruitment methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of subject selection bias on cognitive deficit research in sober alcoholics.
  • To compare cognitive performance and symptom profiles between alcoholics who participated and those who declined.

Main Methods:

  • A sample of 523 subjects (controls, ineligible alcoholics, declined alcoholics, participatory alcoholics) was analyzed.
  • Cognitive function was assessed using the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (Vocabulary and Abstracting subscales).
  • Measures of anxiety, depressive symptoms, childhood hyperkinesis, and attention deficit disorders were obtained.

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Main Results:

  • Current alcoholic subject selection guidelines appear to bias analyses toward the null hypothesis.
  • Declined alcoholics performed worse on abstract reasoning than the "Used" group but did not differ in depression or anxiety.
  • Declined alcoholics reported fewer childhood hyperkinesis/minimal brain dysfunction symptoms than other alcoholic groups.

Conclusions:

  • Subject selection bias can significantly impact findings in cognitive deficit research among sober alcoholics.
  • The exclusion or non-participation of certain alcoholic subgroups may obscure true cognitive impairments.
  • Refined selection criteria are needed to improve the validity of research on cognitive deficits in alcoholism.