Micro-nano-engineered nitrogenous bone biochar developed with a ball-milling technique for high-efficiency removal of aquatic Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II)

A cost-effective and eco-friendly engineering method to improve biochar's physicochemical and sorption performance is critical in various environmental applications. In this study, micro-nano-engineered nitrogenous biochars derived from cow bone meal pyrolyzed at different temperatures and were engineered with the assistance of a ball-milling technique. The ball-milled bone biochars were natural composites combined with plant biochars and hydroxyapatite components on the micro-nanoscale. Both the micropore area and the external specific surface area of the bone biochars were significantly improved after ball-milling. The sorption capacities for heavy metal ions were heavy metal ions were MBC-600 > MBC-450 > BC-600 > MBC-300 > BC-450 > BC-300, consistent with the variation tendency in the specific surface areas of the bone biochars. The adsorption capacities of MBC-600 for Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) were 165.77, 287.58 and 558.88 mg/g, respectively (T 298K, pH 5.0), representing increases of 93.91.%, 75.56% and 64.61% compared with the un-milled preparation. Surface complexation, cation exchange, chemical precipitation, electrostatic interaction and cation-π bonding were responsible for the removal of heavy metal ions by bone biochar materials. Taken together, the results show that micro-nano-engineered nitrogenous bone biochar prepared using ball-milling technology is a promising material for the remediation of heavy metals-bearing aquatic environments.