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Large-scale spatial synchrony in red squirrel populations driven by a bottom-up effect.

Tytti Turkia1, Jussi Jousimo2, Juha Tiainen3

  • 1Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

Oecologia
|January 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Eurasian red squirrel populations synchronize across large distances, driven mainly by Norway spruce cone availability. Predators and habitat also influence red squirrel abundance and dynamics.

Keywords:
Boreal forestPopulation dynamicsSciurus vulgarisTrophic interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Population Dynamics
  • Wildlife Biology

Background:

  • Spatial synchrony in population dynamics is influenced by biotic interactions and abiotic factors.
  • Understanding these drivers is crucial for predicting species abundance and distribution.
  • The Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) serves as a model for studying large-scale population dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of Eurasian red squirrel populations.
  • To disentangle the effects of bottom-up (resource availability), top-down (predation), and environmental factors on squirrel abundance.
  • To identify the primary drivers of large-scale spatial synchrony in red squirrel populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 29 years of snow-track data from Finland for the Eurasian red squirrel.
  • Employed a spatiotemporally explicit Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach.
  • Analyzed the influence of Norway spruce (Picea abies) cone abundance and predator populations (pine marten, northern goshawk) on squirrel dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Red squirrel abundance showed a positive association with Norway spruce cone abundance.
  • Predator abundance (pine marten, northern goshawk) was also positively correlated with red squirrel abundance, likely due to shared habitat.
  • Significant spatial synchrony in red squirrel populations was observed over hundreds of kilometers, primarily driven by spatially autocorrelated spruce cone crops.

Conclusions:

  • Bottom-up effects, specifically the availability of Norway spruce cones, are a major driver of large-scale spatial synchrony in Eurasian red squirrel populations.
  • Predation and habitat factors play a role in regulating squirrel abundance.
  • Spatiotemporally explicit modeling is effective for analyzing fluctuating wildlife populations.