Future directions for research on materials and design of dental implants

Previous reviews underscore the uncertainties in our knowledge of the influence of material characteristics, design-shape, and surface texture on the implant material-tissue interface. Current implant designs are based on intuitive approaches and there are no general principles for prediction of success of implant systems. Data on implant surfaces prepared by customary preparative techniques show that they are highly variable and dependent on processing. The long-term (years) effects of trace element release from implants is little understood because of past errors in analytical techniques and paucity of relevant data. To place the development of future implant systems on a more rational basis, scientific studies are needed (1) to identify and characterize new and modified materials and surfaces, (2) to validate surface characterization procedures and evaluate tissue responses to standardized surfaces, and (3) to measure trace and subtrace element levels in animal and human tissues over time in order to establish normal and pathologic limits.