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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

4.0K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
4.0K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.2K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.2K
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.8K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
6.8K
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

1.2K
Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
1.2K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

13.9K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
13.9K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

11.7K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation
14:44

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

Published on: March 14, 2014

13.3K

Characterization of Factors Involved in Localized Translation Near Mitochondria by Ribosome-Proximity Labeling.

Dikla Vardi-Oknin1,2, Yoav Arava1

  • 1Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|January 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers found that ribosomes translate messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for mitochondrial proteins near the mitochondria, suggesting a co-translational import mechanism. This process is influenced by mitochondrial receptors and RNA-binding proteins.

Keywords:
CLUHTom20Tom70localized translationmRNA localizationmitochondriaribosome-proximity labelingribosomes

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Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 31, 2025

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation
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Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

Published on: March 14, 2014

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Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria rely on hundreds of nuclear-encoded proteins for function.
  • These proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and imported into mitochondria.
  • Localized translation near mitochondria is a proposed mechanism for efficient import.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the proximity of translating ribosomes to mitochondria in human cells.
  • To identify factors regulating the association of mRNAs with mitochondria-proximal ribosomes.
  • To explore the potential for co-translational protein import into mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Ribosome-proximity biotinylation using a mitochondrial Tom20-BirA fusion protein in a human cell line.
  • Isolation and analysis of biotinylated ribosomes and associated mRNAs.
  • Knockdown experiments targeting mitochondrial receptors (Tom70) and RNA-binding protein (CLUH).

Main Results:

  • Biotinylation confirmed ribosomes near mitochondria in human cells.
  • Ribosomes near mitochondria preferentially associated with mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins.
  • Knockdown of Tom70 decreased association of its target mRNAs with these ribosomes.
  • Knockdown of CLUH increased association of its target mRNAs with mitochondria-proximal ribosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Translating ribosomes associate with human mitochondria, supporting localized translation.
  • Mitochondrial receptors (Tom70) and RNA-binding proteins (CLUH) regulate this association.
  • Findings suggest a co-translational protein import pathway into mitochondria.