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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System
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Two Routes for Extracellular Electron Transfer in Enterococcus faecalis.

Lars Hederstedt1, Lo Gorton2, Galina Pankratova2,3

  • 1The Microbiology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Lars.Hederstedt@biol.lu.se.

Journal of Bacteriology
|January 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enterococcus faecalis uses different pathways for extracellular electron transfer. Membrane proteins Ndh3 and EetA are crucial for ferric ion transfer but not for osmium redox polymer transfer.

Keywords:
EetAEnterococcus faecalisPplAextracellular electron transferferric reductasetype 2 NADH dehydrogenase

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Bioenergetics

Background:

  • Enterococcus faecalis exhibits ferric reductase activity and external electron transfer capabilities.
  • Extracellular electron transfer is vital for microbial metabolism, environmental processes, and bio-electrochemical technologies.
  • Understanding electron transfer mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria like E. faecalis is crucial, especially in the absence of surface cytochromes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms and protein components involved in extracellular electron transfer in Enterococcus faecalis.
  • To differentiate the electron transfer pathways mediated by ferric ions versus an osmium redox polymer.
  • To identify key proteins and cellular components essential for electron transfer to external acceptors.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of Enterococcus faecalis mutants deficient in ferric reductase activity.
  • Electrochemical studies to assess electron transfer properties using ferric ions and an osmium complex-modified redox polymer (OsRP) as mediators.
  • Analysis of the role of specific membrane proteins (Ndh3, EetA) and quinones in electron transfer pathways.

Main Results:

  • Ferric reductase activity and electron transfer mediated by ferric ions depend on membrane proteins Ndh3 and EetA.
  • Electron transfer mediated by the OsRP was independent of Ndh3 and EetA.
  • Cell membrane quinones were essential for electron transfer with both ferric ions and OsRP mediators.
  • Distinct routes for extracellular electron transfer to ferric ions and OsRP were identified in E. faecalis.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular electron transfer in E. faecalis involves distinct pathways depending on the electron acceptor.
  • Ndh3 and EetA proteins play specific roles in ferric ion-mediated electron transfer.
  • Quinones are central to electron transfer, acting as a crucial link between intracellular metabolism and external acceptors.