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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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RNA Editing02:23

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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Genome Editing: Promoting Responsible Research.

François Hirsch1,2, Christine Lemaitre3,4, Hervé Chneiweiss3,5,4,6,7,8

  • 1Ethics Committee, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Paris, France. francois.hirsch@inserm.fr.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome editing technologies like CRISPR have revolutionized molecular biology, offering accessible gene modification tools. This advancement necessitates global governance to address ethical and legal considerations for both scientists and the public.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Bioethics

Background:

  • Genome modification tools have existed for over 40 years, but progress was slow and limited to specialists.
  • The advent of precision genome editing technologies, particularly CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat), has transformed the field.
  • CRISPR technology has democratized gene modification, making it accessible, efficient, and cost-effective.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the transformative impact of CRISPR technology on genome modification.
  • To underscore the ethical and legal questions arising from widespread genome editing.
  • To advocate for global governance in genome editing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical developments in genome modification tools.
  • Analysis of the impact and accessibility of CRISPR technology.
  • Discussion of ethical, legal, and societal implications of genome editing.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR has made genome modification fast, cheap, easy, and universally accessible.
  • The popularization of human and other organism genome manipulation raises significant ethical and legal concerns.
  • There is an urgent need for global governance to manage genome editing technologies.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR technology represents a paradigm shift in genome modification.
  • Responsible innovation requires addressing the ethical and legal dimensions of genome editing.
  • A coordinated global approach is essential for the responsible governance of genome editing technologies.