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Explosion cratering in granular media was studied using pressurized air. Crater size depends non-monotonically on burial depth, with a maximum at intermediate depths, and follows cube root energy scaling.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Granular physics
  • Fluid dynamics

Background:

  • Explosion cratering in granular media is less understood than impact cratering.
  • Lab-scale experiments are crucial for understanding fundamental mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate low-energy explosion cratering in 3D granular media.
  • Identify cratering regimes and their associated dynamics and morphologies.
  • Develop a general relation between granular flow dynamics and crater structures.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled low-energy explosions using pressurized air pulses.
  • 3D granular media experiments.
  • Measurement of crater diameter as a function of explosion parameters and burial depth.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct explosion cratering regimes identified based on burial depth.
  • Non-monotonic relationship between crater size and burial depth, with a peak at intermediate depths.
  • Weak dependence of crater diameter on explosion pressure and duration at shallow burial depths.
  • Cube root energy scaling observed for crater diameter, consistent with high-energy events.

Conclusions:

  • A simple model explains the observed crater size dependencies.
  • Rescaled crater sizes correlate with the inertial number of granular flows.
  • Findings provide insights into 3D explosion cratering dynamics and general principles of granular cratering.