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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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TYK2 in Tumor Immunosurveillance.

Anzhelika Karjalainen1, Stephen Shoebridge1, Milica Krunic1

  • 1Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.

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Summary

Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), a Janus kinase (JAK) family member, plays key roles in immune responses, inflammation, and cancer. Its functions are crucial for understanding infection, autoimmunity, and tumor surveillance.

Keywords:
Janus kinase (JAK) familySTATscancer-immunity cycleimmunoeditinginterferonsinterleukinstyrosine kinase 2

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2) is the founding member of the Janus Kinase (JAK) family.
  • TYK2 is integral to innate and adaptive immune responses, impacting infection, cancer, and (auto)inflammation.
  • Its role is elucidated through gene-targeted mice and studies of hereditary TYK2 defects in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history, structure-function relationship, and biological roles of TYK2.
  • To summarize TYK2-associated cytokine receptor families and their signaling pathways (e.g., STATs).
  • To explain TYK2's dual role in beneficial and detrimental activities within the tumor microenvironment and cancer-immunity cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TYK2 biology, genetics, and signaling.
  • Analysis of cytokine receptor architectures linked to TYK2.
  • Examination of TYK2's function in mouse models of tumor surveillance.

Main Results:

  • TYK2 signaling is critical for various immune cell functions and cytokine production.
  • TYK2 influences both pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic processes.
  • The tumor microenvironment and cancer-immunity cycle are significantly modulated by TYK2.

Conclusions:

  • TYK2 is a pivotal regulator of immune responses and inflammation.
  • Understanding TYK2's complex role is essential for developing therapies for infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
  • Further research into TYK2 signaling pathways can inform cancer immunotherapy strategies.