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Typhoid fever: Control & challenges in India.

Bratati Mukhopadhyay1, Dipika Sur1, Sanjukta Sen Gupta1

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|January 16, 2020
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Summary

Enteric fever, primarily caused by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A, significantly impacts children in developing nations. Effective control requires integrated strategies including diagnostics, surveillance, and vaccines, alongside improved sanitation and hygiene.

Keywords:
Complications - diagnostics - enteric fever - surveillance system - typhoid fever - vaccines - WASH strategy

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Enteric fever, a significant global health concern, disproportionately affects children and adolescents in developing countries.
  • Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the primary pathogen, with Salmonella Paratyphi A emerging as a notable concern.
  • Existing control measures face implementation challenges, necessitating a comprehensive approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of diagnostics, surveillance, and vaccine development for enteric fever.
  • To identify persistent challenges hindering the effective implementation of prevention and control tools.
  • To propose an integrative approach and policy framework for enteric fever elimination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostics for enteric fever.
  • Analysis of recent surveillance practices.
  • Evaluation of vaccine development efforts.
  • Assessment of sanitation and hygiene's role.

Main Results:

  • Early diagnosis, surveillance, and vaccination are crucial for enteric fever control.
  • Sanitation and hygiene are vital for reducing disease burden.
  • Persistent challenges impede the widespread implementation of available control tools.

Conclusions:

  • An integrated strategy combining diagnostics, surveillance, vaccination, and improved sanitation is essential.
  • A comprehensive policy framework is required for the prevention, control, and elimination of enteric fevers.
  • Addressing implementation challenges is key to reducing the global burden of enteric fever.