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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

14.7K
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Overview
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

2.0K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

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T-bet+ Memory B Cells Link to Local Cross-Reactive IgG upon Human Rhinovirus Infection.

Jacob D Eccles1, Ronald B Turner2, Nicole A Kirk1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.

Cell Reports
|January 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human rhinovirus (RV) infections trigger distinct B cell responses. One type infiltrates nasal tissue, providing broad but short-lived immunity, explaining cold susceptibility after recovery.

Keywords:
B cellsCXCR5HumanIgAIgGMass cytometryT-betadaptive immunitycross-reactivityrhinovirus

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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
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Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major cause of the common cold and can worsen chronic respiratory conditions.
  • Existing neutralizing antibodies generated after RV infection are short-lived and offer limited protection against diverse RV strains.
  • Understanding B cell responses is crucial for developing effective RV immunity strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate human rhinovirus-specific B cell responses.
  • To analyze the characteristics and functions of different memory B cell subsets following RV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Development of techniques for high-throughput, high-dimensional single-cell analysis using intact RV-A16 and RV-A39.
  • Parallel assessment of antibody isotypes in an experimental human RV infection model.
  • Characterization of T-bet+ B cells and CXCR5+ memory B cells.

Main Results:

  • Identified T-bet+ B cells, representing approximately 5% of CXCR5- memory B cells, that bind to both RV-A16 and RV-A39.
  • These T-bet+ B cells infiltrate nasal tissue, expand in blood post-infection, and rapidly secrete heterotypic IgG in vitro, mirroring the nasal antibody profile.
  • In contrast, CXCR5+ memory B cells binding a single virus are distinct, absent in nasal tissue, and secrete homotypic IgG and IgA, reflecting the systemic response.

Conclusions:

  • Dichotomous memory B cell populations with distinct temporal and spatial functions may explain RV infection resolution alongside susceptibility to reinfection.
  • T-bet+ B cells contribute to early, broad, but potentially transient mucosal immunity.
  • CXCR5+ memory B cells mediate a more specific, sustained systemic antibody response.