Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical trajectory surface hopping molecular dynamics simulation by spin-flip...

This paper presents the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulation in the solution phase using the spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT). Despite the single-reference level of theory, the SF-TDDFT method can generate the correct topology of S₀/S₁ crossing points, thus providing a natural S₁ → S₀ nonadiabatic transition. We extend the gas-phase trajectory surface hopping simulation with the SF-TDDFT [N. Minezawa and T. Nakajima, J. Chem. Phys. 150, 204120 (2019)] to the hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme. To this end, we modify the code to evaluate the electrostatic interaction between the QM and MM atoms and to extract the classical MM energy and forces from the MM program package. We apply the proposed method to the photoisomerization reaction of aqueous E-azomethane and anionic green fluorescent protein chromophore in water and compare the results with those of the previous simulation studies based on the multireference methods.