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Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives
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Stable Prenucleation Calcium Carbonate Clusters Define Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.

Jonathan T Avaro1, Stefan L P Wolf1, Karin Hauser1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 17, 2020
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Summary

This study reveals how ion interactions drive liquid-liquid phase separation in calcium carbonate systems, explaining amorphous calcium carbonate solubility and polymorph selection in biomineralization.

Keywords:
calcium carbonateliquid-liquid phase separationnonclassical nucleationphase diagramprenucleation clusters

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biomineralization
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is crucial in biomineralization.
  • Its role in calcium carbonate precipitation is not fully understood.
  • Existing models do not fully explain observed phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a thermodynamic model for calcium carbonate LLPS.
  • To link ion association to the liquid-liquid miscibility gap.
  • To explain amorphous calcium carbonate solubility and polymorph selection.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a model based on ion association thermodynamics.
  • Verified experimentally using potentiometric titrations.
  • Conducted kinetic studies with stopped-flow ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • The model accurately predicts the liquid-liquid miscibility gap.
  • Explained variable solubilities of amorphous calcium carbonates.
  • Provided insights into amorphous calcium carbonate polymorphism and polymorph selection.

Conclusions:

  • Ion association thermodynamics govern calcium carbonate LLPS.
  • The model reconciles inconsistent literature on amorphous calcium carbonate solubility.
  • The framework offers a new perspective on LLPS in biomineralization and beyond.